TOEFL STRUCTURE
The
Test of English as a Foreign Language (or TOEFLs, pronounced
"toe-full" or sometimes "toffle") evaluates the potential
success of an individual to use and understand Standard American
English at a college level. It is required for non-native
applicants at many English-speaking colleges and universities. Additionally,
institutions such as government agencies, businesses, or scholarship programs
may require this test. A TOEFL score is valid for two years and then is deleted
from the official database. Colleges and universities usually consider only the
most recent score.
The
TOEFL test is a registered trademark of Educational
Testing Service (ETS) and is administered worldwide.
The test was first administered in 1964
and has since been taken by nearly 20 million students.
·
Definition TOEFL Structure
a. Basic
Sentences Stucture
In General, there is no difference between the
sentence structure is very striking language of United Kingdom to Indonesia,
where a sentence is built on four major components, namely:
Subject (S)
+ Verb (V) + Complement (C) + Modifier (M)
In
Indonesia, these components we are familiar with the Subject+ Verb + Object + Description.
EXAMPLE :
We studied
grammar last day
We + studied
+ grammar + last day
S + V + C +
M
1. SUBJECT
- is the agent of sentence in the
active voice (agen
dari suatu kalimat dalam bentuk aktif)
- is thing/person that performs
or responsible for the action of a sentence (benda/orang/pihak yang
melakukan kegiatan atau yang bertanggung jawab terhadap suatu aksi dalam
suatu kalimat)
- normally precedes the verb (biasanya mendahului
verb, atau setelah subject biasanya terdapat verb )
EXAMPLE :
- I explain how to study
English
- She listens to my explanation
- They didn’t understand that
language
The subject
is known from the World Health Organization (who) questions or what (what) that
did the deed on a sentence.
2. VERB
Verb is the
action of a sentence (aksi atau perbuatan pada suatu kalimat)
Verb phrase:
gabungan antara auxilaries dengan main verb (kata
kerja utama
EXAMPLE :
- I am learning English (am = auxilary, learning =
main verb)
- My brother is very
clever
- She has gone home (has =
auxilary, gone = main verb)
- I have been
waiting here (have been = auxilary, waiting =
main verb)
Setiap
kalimat harus mempunyai Verb
3.
COMPLEMENT
- Biasanya berupa noun (kata
benda) atau noun phrase (frasa kata benda)
- biasanya terdapat setelah verb
pada kalimat aktif
- complement menjawab
pertanyaan what (apa) atau siapa (whom)
EXAMPLE :
- Sarijon bought a cake yesterday
- What did Sarijon buy
yesterday? –> a cake.
- He saw Tony at
the movie
- Whom did he see at the movie?
–> Tony
Note: not
every sentence must have a complement.
4. MODIFIER
·
Modifier
describes the time (time), place (place), or manner (how) of an action or
actions
·
The most
common form of prepositional phrase modifier is (a group that starts with a
preposition and ends with a noun oPreposition on, out, under, behind, etc ...
·
Modifier
answer when (when), where (in which), or how (how)
EXAMPLE
- She is driving very
fast
- How is she driving?
–> very fast
- I posted my application yesterday
- When do I post my
application? –> yesterday
b. Parallel
Structure
Parallelism means words that are used in series or
group must have the same shape as a grammar. When we use words or phrases that
are associated with a set of definite, then the form must match the grammar.
Consider the following example:
* Terry
likes swimming and diving. (Benar – parallel)
* Terry
likes to swim and (to) dive. (Benar – parallel)
* I’m taking
history, math, and chemistry
Sometimes
the words over and over as auxiliary verbs, can be removed on the next series.
* I have
been to Paris and saw the Eiffel Tower. (Salah – saw seharusnya seen)
* I have
been to Paris and have seen the Eiffel Tower. (Benar)
* Is she
coming to the party or going to a movie? (Benar)
Contoh soal
Identify and
correct the mistakes in parallel structure in the following sentences
- I swept the yard, weeded the
garden and …. the clothes.
a. was washing
b. wash
c. washed
d. washing
2. James
decided to get up early, practice some yoga and …. healthy foods.
a. eat
b. ate
c. eating
d. eaten
3. Although I
trained hard, practiced every day and …… to my trainer, I never won a
tournament.
a. listening
b. were listening
c. was listening
d. listened
Jawaban
- I swept
the yard, weeded the garden and washed the clothes, because the sentences use the
simple past tense using the verb third Auxiliary, so the wash should also
use the third without Auxiliary verb.
2. James decided to get up early,
practice some yoga and eat healthy foods, as said before practice using verb
1 to Word Parallels partner must use the verb 1: eat one as well.
3. Although I trained hard, practiced
every day and listened to my trainer, I never won a tournament, because the sentence uses the
simple past tense using the verb, then the verb should also use Parallels 3
Comparative Adjectives
When discussing the two objects, we
can compare and see the difference also between the two equations. It may just
be that objects have in common on one side and the differences on the other. To
compare the difference in both the object we use comparative adjectives.
Comparison of using comparative adjectives is to compare between the two
objects.
1. Add the
suffix-er (short adjectives)
2. Add a prefix more (long adjectives) addition of a
suffix Rule for short adjectives: Umumnya
adjektiva hanya ditambahkan –er, misalnya: older, smaller, richer, etc.
- If the
ending-e, just add r, for example: later, nicer, etc.
-If it ends
with a consonant-vowel-consonant, the consonant plus the last, then plus – er,
for example: bigger, hotter, etc.
-If the
ending-y, then y is changed to i then added er, for example: happier, earlier,
busier, heavier, etc.
For long adjectives, a rule only add more on
adjectives, for example: expensive become more expensive, beautiful becomes
more beautiful, etc. Some adjectives have irregular shapes, such as
good-better, well (healthy) – better, bad – worse, far – farther/further, etc.
Adjectives with two syllables can use the – er or
more: quiet – quieter/more quiet, clever – cleverer/more clever, narrow –
narrower/more narrow, simple – simpler/more simple.
Comparative adjectives is not only used to compare two
different objects, but can also be used to compare the same object that points
to itself and does not need to be mentioned again, as one of the example
sentence above: I want to have a more powerful computer.
Adjectives with one syllable to make the comparative
form of the adjective which has one syllable, we add-er behind the words, for
example:
- slow – slower
- fast – faster
- tall – taller
- short – shorter
To make a
comparison of an adjective which has one syllable and syllabic letter-e, we
simply add the-r. example:
- nice – nicer
- large – larger
If the
adjective with a syllabic consonant and vowel letter, then we double the
consonant. Example :
- - big – bigger
- hot – hotter
- thin – thinner
Adjectives
with two syllables
If the
adjective has two or more syllables, we add more before the adjective. Example:
- This book is more expensive
than that book.
- This picture is more beautiful.
However, there are many exceptions to the rules of
one/two of these words. A few words with two syllables the word has a similar
word that has 1 syllable. Example:
- This is easier – Benar
- This is more easy -
Tidak benar
- This is simpler – Benar
- This is more simple -
Tidak benar
And some adjectives
can use both the comparative form. Example:
- clever –
cleverer – more clever: These are all correct
- quiet – quieter – more quiet: These are all correct.
Exemptions
that exist can be learned through norms, the best way to learn them is to study
them one by one.
d. Conditional Clauses
Conditionals (Sentence Suppositions) explained that an
activity contrary to other activities. The most common conditionals is Real and
Unreal Conditonal Conditonal, sometimes also called the if-clauses. Real Conditionals
(often also referred to as type I Pleased) that describes mengandai-andai in
accordance with the facts. Unreal Conditionals (Conditionals are often also
referred to as type II) which describes about the presuppositions that are not
real or their imagination.
There is
also a 3rd Conditionals are often referred to as Conditionals type III, used as
a regret that happened in the past and zero conditionals, used to express
something that was certainly true.
Note: If the 'if' clause was put in the
beginning of the sentence, we have to use the 'comma'. Conversely, if the 'if'
clause is behind, then there need be no commas Conditional atau pengandaian
memiliki 3 bentuk :
1. Future Conditional (Conditional
Type 1)
This
supposition stating something that might happen in the future or now, if
conditions/specific conditions are met.
Rumus
Conditional Type 1:
If + Subject
+ present simple + subject + modals (will, can, may, must ) V1 (simple form)
contoh : If
have money I will buy a new car
If +
Subject+ Simple present … + subject + simple-present
contoh : If
he has enough time, John usually walks to school.
If + Subject
+ simple present …+ command form
Example :
If you go to
the post office, please mail this letter for me !
2. Unreal Present (Conditional Type
2)
This
supposition stating something contrary to what existing or happening now.
If + subject
+ simple past + subject + modals (would, could, might) V1 (Simple Form)
contoh : If
I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend
( Saya tidak
punya waktu sehingga saya tidak bisa pergi )
He would
tell you about it if he were here.
he would say
if he were here, that is because he is not here, he didn't say it/because he is
not here he doesn't tell you about it.)
* untuk
if-clause dalam bentuk ini hanya to be “were” yang dipergunakan untuk semua
subject.
if pada
conditional type 2 ini dapat dihilangkan yaitu dengan penggunaan pola inversi :
Were +
subject + Adj/Noun + subject + modal (would, could, might) + V1
contoh :
Were I John I would not forgive you.
(kalau saja
saya itu si john saya tak akan memaafkan kamu; kenyataannya saya
bukan john
jadi saya memaafkan kamu / I’m not John so I forgive you).
He could hug
me, if he were here. (Dia boleh memeluk saya, jika dia di sini). Faktanya: he
can’t hug me, because, he is not here.
3. Unreal
Past (Conditional Type 3)
Pengandaian
ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang telah terjadi
(lampau).
Rumus
Conditional Type 3:
If + Subject
+ Past Perfect … subject + modals ( would, could, might) + have V3
Example :
1. If we had
known that you were there, we would have written you letter.
(kalau saja
kami tahu kamu berada disana, kami sudah mengirim surat padamu;
yang
bermakna bahwa kami tidak mengirim surat karena kami tidak tahu kamu berada di
sana / I did not know that you were there so I didn’t write you a letter.
2. He would
tell you about it if he were here.
3. If he
didn’t speak so quickly, you could understand him.
Bentuk
inversi (tanpa “IF”) untuk pola ini :
Had +
subject + V3…subject + modals (would, could, might) + have V3
kalimat
diatas bila ditulis inversinya menjadi :
Had we known
that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
tanpa
mengubah makna maupun arti.
e. Noun
Clauses
Noun clause
is a clause (i.e. subject and verb) that is used for a noun. Noun clause in the
sentence are generally used as subject and object of a sentence.
Noun clause
dapat diawali oleh:
- Question word atau relative
pronoun baik berupa single question word maupun phrase:
- Single question word (i.e.
when, how, what, ect.).
- Question word + determiner/
noun/ adjective / adverb.
- Question word + infinitive.
- Conjunction (i.e. whether dan
if).
- That atau the fact that.
Sehingga
pola dari noun clause adalah:
Question
word/conjunction/that + subject + verb + …
A. Noun
Clauses diawali dengan Question words
In How to Address Questions
already discussed about the use of the word good in making the information
asked questions as well as in creating embedded questions. Embedded questions is a noun clause. In this
section provided additional examples to refresh your memory.1. Single question
words.
Example :
- Where she is now is still unknown.
- When they arrive is still uncertain.
3.
I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer are
two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt. Perhatikan: dalam kalimat
ini, noun clause what you did last summer menjadi object
dari I know dan I still know, dan setelah digabung
dengan: are two
Noun clause can be placed at the
beginning of the sentence (as a subject) or as an object. If you want to change
the position of the noun clause of the sentence is subject object sentence,
usually it takes a pronoun it or a slight modification of words. The above
example becomes:
- It is still unknown where
she is now.
- Do you know when they
arrive?
- Two Hollywood movies starred by
Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did last summer and I
still know what you did last summer. Because it is the title of
the movies, a noun clause, what you did last summer doesn't have to play
his position.
Note:
a. Clause which is prefaced by the
words 'specific question (i.e. when, whenever, where) can also serve as a
adverbialen clause.
Example :
- I was reading a book when
the phone rang.
- I went to where I and
my ex girlfriend had been last weekend.
- I suddenly get nausea whenever
I see his face. (nausea = mual/mau muntah).
b). Clause which is prefaced by the words 'specific
question (i.e. who, whom, whose noun) can also serve as an adjective clause. In
this regard, said the real question is the relative pronoun. Well, don't be too
frustrated with the term. Important you understand the pattern/structure of the
sentence. But, if you're curious, please read the topic adjective clauses.
Example :
- I think you whom Mr.
Dodi was looking for. (Saya kira kamu (orang) yang pak Dodi sedang
cari-cari tadi).
- Mr. Dodi, who is a teacher, was
looking for you at school.
- Rommy, whose book was stolen
last week, just bought another new book yesterday.
Hence, how to distinguish whether
it's noun clause, clause adverbialen, or adjective clause? The answer is
simple. Noun clause can be substituted with the pronoun it, whereas the
adverbialen clause and adjective clause No. Noun clause answers the question
what and the who/whom; Adverbialen clause answers the question when, where, how
(including how much, how often, ect), and why. Adjective clause (i.e. the
adjective clause-shaped) explains the noun and the relative pronounnya (i.e.
who, that, ect.) in Indonesia language means 'the'.
2. Question words + ever/soever
But how, at the end of question
words could be added or ever become soever whenever whensoever, whatsoever,
'whatever' and so on. What ever or soever here the same, i.e. just/, living
combined with question Words in front of him. Meanwhile, how ever be however
(i.e. adverb or also called transition words mean but/yet so) are not included
in these categories.
Example :
- We will accept whatever
you want us to do. (Kami akan menerima/melakukan apa saja yang kamu
ingin kami lakukan).
- Whoever can melt her feeling is a very lucky guy.
(melt = meluluhkan). Be careful: guy (dibaca gae)= laki-laki, sedangkan
gay (dibaca gei) = fag = homo.
- She has agreed to wherever
the man would bring her. (Dia telah setuju kemanapun pria itu
membawanya pergi). Note: in speaking (informal), preposition (dalam hal
ini to, etc.) biasanya diletakkan di ujung kalimat. She has
agreed wherever the man would bring her to.
3. Question
words + nouns
Question words frequently used
nouns, among others: what time (what time does), what day (day), what time (what
time does), what kind (of what), what type (what type), to whose nouns (i.e.
whose car, whose book, ect.), and so on.
Example :
- I can’t remember what
day we will take the exam.
- As long as I am faithful, she
doesn’t care what type of family I come from. (faithful =
setia).
- Do you know what time
it is?
- I don’t know whose car
is parked in front of my house.
4. Question
words + adjectives
Question words adjectives frequently used include: how
long (how long/long), how far (how much), how old (how old/age), ect.
Example :
- Man! She still looks young. Do
you know how old she actually is?
- I am lost. Could you tell
me how far it is from here to the post office?
- What a jerk. He didn’t even
ask how long I had been waiting for him.
5. Question
words + determiners.
Question words determiners are often used are: how
many (how many) and how much (how many). Remember: how many plural nouns are
followed by, while how much followed by uncountable nouns.
Example :
- Is there any correlation
between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or
she has?
- How much your English skill
will improve is
determined by how hard you practice.
6. Question
words + adverbs.
Question words frequently used adverbs are: how often
(how often), how many times (how many times) ect.
Example :
- No matter how often I
practice, my English still sucks. (Tidak memandang berapa kali saya
latihan, bahasa Inggris saya masih jelek). Suck (informal verb) =
jelek/tidak baik; arti suck yang lain: mengisap.
- I don’t want my parents to
know how many times I have left school early. (leave school
early = bolos).
7. Question
words + infinitives.
If the question words directly followed by
infinitives, the meaning invinitives shouldatau can/could. Note that the
subject after question words removed.
Example :
- She didn’t know what to
do = She didn’t know what she should do. (Dia tidak
tahu apa yang seharusnya dia lakukan).
- Please tell me how to
get the train station from here = Please tell me how I
can get the train station from here.
- We haven’t decided when
to go to the beach = We haven’t decided when we should go
to the beach.
- Marry told us where to
find her = Marry told us where we could find her.
B. Noun
clauses diawali dengan whether/if
Whether can be followed by the OR/NOT could also not;
the meaning of the sentence is usually the same although the OR/NOT is not
mentioned (it depends on the context of the sentence).
Example :
- I am not sure whether
she is coming or not = I am not sure whether or not she
is coming = I am not sure whether she is coming. (Saya
tidak yakin apakah dia akan datang atau tidak).
- We can’t decide whether
we should go out or stay home. = We can’t decide whether to go
or (to) stay home. Perhatikan, infinitives juga dapat digunakan
setelah whether.
- I am not sure whether I should
take economics or law after I graduate from high school. (Saya tidak yakin
apakah saya harus ngambil Ekonomi atau Hukum setelah lulus SMA nanti).
- If you take economics, I will
take economics. On the other hand, if you take law, I will take law too.
C. Noun
clauses diawali dengan that/the fact that
Here that means that, while the fact that mean the
fact that. While the adjective clauses, that means that.
Example :
- That she has had a PhD degree
at the age of 20 surprises
a lot of people = It surprises a lot of people that she has had a
PhD degree at the age of 20.
- It is the fact that the
world is round = the fact that the world is round is
well known.
- It was obvious that she
was very sick = The fact that she was very sick was
obvious.
- It seems that it is going to
rain soon.
Example :
1. The
teacher heard who answered the question. (C)
Analisa:
·
The first
sentence 'The teacher heard' is correct because The teacher subject and heard
verbnya. The second sentence 'Who answered the phoned' is also true because the
who serves as the subject and answered as verbnya. At the same time Who also
serves as a connetor.
- So the above sentence is
correct.
2. I do not
understand it went wrong. (I)
Analysis:
- The first sentence 'I do not
understand' is correct because I do not understand the subject and verb.
The second sentence 'it went wrong' is wrong because there is no connector
as well as the subject.
- The correct sentence should be:
I do not understand what went wrong.What serves as a subject and also the
connector, while his went as a verb
3. Of the
three movies, I can’t decide which is the best. (C)
Analysis :
- In the first sentence, I as the
Subject and can't decide as a verb. In the second sentence, which as a
connector as well as the subject and the verb
4. She did
not remember who in her class. (I)
Analysis :
- In the first sentence, She as
the subject and did not remember as a verb. The second , who as a
connector and also subject but no verb.
- The correct sentence should be
who was in her class.
5. No one is
sure what did it happen in front of the building.
Analysis :
- The first sentence is correct
because No one is subject and verb is is, but the second sentence is wrong
because there is and it did. Did and it seharusnay on the delete verb and
'happen' to be the past tense 'happened'.
- So the correct sentence should
be what happened in front of the building.
Sumber :
fikarzone.wordpress.com/.../5-of-toefl-structure-test
